Acid-Base Buffers

CHEMICAL REACTIONS ACID-BASE BUFFERS Short Overview Acids and shows represent deuce of the most common land classes of compounds. Many studies have been d unity on these compounds, and their reactions be very important. possibly the most important reaction is the one in which an erosive and hindquarters ar combined, resulting in the formation of pee (in aqueous dissolvent) and a common table salt this reaction is called nonsubjectiveization. A original antecedent is a dissolvent that contains twain an acid and a salt containing the conjugate origin anion in adequate concentrations so as to maintain a relatively constant pH when either acid or rump is added.In this experiment you willing micturate a damp beginning and observe its behavior when coalesceed some(prenominal) with an acid and a base. You will also compargon the behavior with that of solutions containing only(prenominal) the acid. Theory In his theory of ionization in the 1880s, Svante Arrhenius def ined acids atomic number 18 substances which form H+ and bases as substances which form OH- in piddle. He foster defined a salt as a substance new(prenominal) than an acid or base which forms ions in aqueous solution. Such substances are olibanum capable of producing an electric current and are called electrolytes.The add of electricity green groceriesd is directly proportional to the concentration of ions in solution. With regard to electrolytes we have erudite previously that beefed-up acids and tight bases ionize arrestly, and are then strong electrolytes because they produce a large electric current. Soluble salts are the other type of strong electrolytes. We also learned that washed-out acids and sluttish bases ionize only partially in solution, producing smaller quantities of current these substances are called weak electrolytes. Materials which do not produce an electric current are called nonelectrolytes.To complete our on a lower floorstanding, we concluded that strong electrolytes equal primarily as ions in solution, paper weak electrolytes exist as both ions and molecules in solution. Nonelectrolytes essential exist as polar molecules only in solution. While it is useful, the Arrhenius definition of acids and bases is moderate to aqueous solutions. This whitethorn seem insignifi undersurfacet to a student in introductory chemistry or general chemistry, but it imposes restrictions for understanding much advanced outmatchics. As such, we now introduce two additional definitions of acids and bases, which lose ones temper our understanding. Acid Base Arrhenius forms H+ in water forms OH- in water Bronsted-Lowry donates H+ (proton) to base accepts H+ (proton) from acid Lewis accepts electron p conduct from base donates electron pair to acid The Bronsted-Lowry pattern of acids and bases was introduced by Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry in 1923, and led to an understanding of many proton transfer reactions obser ved to occur in both non-aqueous and aqueous solutions. Gilbert Newton Lewis quickly recognized that a substance which is a proton acceptor must also be one which contains an single(prenominal) valence electron pair to accept the positive charge. He therefore proposed his own theory of acids and bases based upon electron transfer rather than proton transfer. The Lewis acid-base concept is the most general and allows us to understand reactions which may not imply proton transfer. However, the Bronsted-Lowry concept provides the simplest description of acid-base pilot burner solutions, and it is this one which we will utilize in further discussion.We will use the formula HA for an acid and B for a base in our discussion. Accordingly, the reaction amongst an acid and base is described by 1. HA + B (A- + BH+ 1 In the reaction above, the products which are produced are A-. and BH+. A- is called the conjugate base of HA because it has donated a proton (H+) to the base B . Likewise, BH + is the conjugate acid of B since it has accepted the proton from HA. The substances HA and A- are called a conjugate acid-base pair. Likewise, BH+ and B are also a conjugate acid-base pair. about common acid-base pairs are H3O1+ / H2OH2O / OH1-HCl / Cl1- HNO3 / NO31-H2SO4 / HSO41-HSO41- / SO42-CH3COOH / CH3COO1-(acetate)NH41+ / NH3(ammonium) H2CO3 / HCO31-(bicarbonate)H2PO41- / HPO42- (phosphate) The first two pairs show that hydronium ion and hydroxide ion are the conjugate acid and base, respectively, of water. It is the relative concentration of these two ions that determine whether a solution is acid (H3O+ &gt OH-), basic (H3O+ &lt OH-), or neutral (H3O+ = OH-). To accomplish this, we stones throw the pH of the solution. A pH &lt 7 is acidic, pH &gt7 is alkaline (or basic), and pH = 7 is neutral. pH is defined by the equation pH = -log10 H3O+. An buffer solution must contain both a weak acid and a salt of its conjugate base.Since HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4 are all str ong acids, these substances will ionize all in all and their concentrations will be too insignificant to maintain constant pH values. On the other hand, a weak acid such as acetic acid, CH3COOH, only ionizes to a small extent, so the both the undissociated acid and its anion can exist in sufficient concentration in solution to maintain constant pH. When the acetic acid- atomic number 11 acetate buffer is prepared the followers equilibrium is established. CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) ( H3O1+ + CH3COO1-2 The equilibrium constant expression for the reaction is Ka = pic= 1. 75 x 10-5 . Therefore, pH = pKa + log10pic. 3 Equation 3 above is called the Henderson-Hasselbach equation.The equation shows that because the acetate/acetic acid ratio does not change importantly du syndicate most reactions, thus resulting in a relatively constant pH. When a strong base such as sodium hydroxide is added, the acetic acid in the buffer reacts with the hydroxide ion to produce additional acetate ion (4). Wh en a strong acid such as HCl is added to the buffer, the acetate ion will react with the hydronium ion to produce additional acetic acid (5). CH3COOH (aq) + OH1- > CH3COO1- + H2O (l)4 CH3COO1- + + H3O1+ > CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l)5 The predominant ups tropic of the reactions is that the concentration of H3O+ and OH- do not increase or decrease significantly du peal the reactions.However, continued addition of NaOH will flattually take all of the acetic acid present in the buffer, resulting in a sharp overture in pH. Likewise, addition of a large quantity of HCl will consume all of the acetate ion in the buffer, ca apply the pH to drop sharply. The amount of strong acid or strong base that can be added to a given sight of a buffer system without a significant change in pH (( 1 unit) is known as the buffering capacity. A buffer system such as CH3COOH / CH3COO1- is representative of an acidic buffer, because the molecular component is a weak acid. On the other hand, a basic buffe r solution would contain the acid salt of a weak base in addition to the weak base itself. The NH41+ / NH3 buffer is an example of a basic buffer.Biological systems use buffers to maintain ambient physiological conditions. In this regard the bicarbonate and phosphate buffers listed earlier are the two most significant buffers of body fluids. (See the article alchemy and Life simple eye as a damped Solution on page 669 of Chemistry The of import Science, 9th Ed. , Brown, LeMay, & Bursten. For more background information, you should review chapter 16 Acid-Base Equilibria in Chemistry The Central Science, 9th Ed. , . Exercise 1. Examination of the Buffer Properties of a Diprotic Acid Salt, atomic number 19 Hydrogen Phthalate picpic potassium hydrogen phthalatephthalate A. Chemicals and ApparatusChemicals Water Solidspotassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC8H4O4 , KHP, 204. 22 g/mole) Solutions 0. 10 M HCl(aq) , 0. 10 M NaOH(aq) (from Acid-Base Titrations experiment), pH 7 buffer solu tions Apparatus Balances, beakers, burettes, buret clamps, Erlenmeyer flasks, gradational cylinders, hot plate, pH meters, ring stands, messtric pipets, pipet pumps, volumetric flasks Safety Equipment goggles, gloves, hood. ObjectivesIn this experiment you will learn to 1. prepare a 0. 10 M KHP solution from a solid and water 2. prepare a solution of the phthalate anion from 0. 10 M KHP and NaOH solutions 3. repare a buffer solution containing both the hydrogen phthalate and the phthalate ions 4. stair the pH of the buffer solution 5. measure the pH as HCl is added to the buffer solution 6. measure the pH as NaOH is added to the buffer solution 7. compare the buffer solution with both a strong acid and a weak acid B. Procedure Part I. Preparation of Solutions CAUTION Use entire caution while handling the burets, volumetric pipets, and volumetric flasks. (Student 1) 1. Obtain 250 mL of distilled water in a 400-mL beaker from the DW tap at the sink between the two hoods on the s ide wall. tally 3 teflon stewing chips to the water, and boil the water for volt minutes on a hot plate set on medium high.This will drive take dissolved CO2 from the water which may interfere with the experiment. Allow the water to cool to room temperature. 2. Obtain a pH meter from the teacher. recall the rubber tip from the electrode and place the electrode in a beaker containing 10 mL of pH 7 buffer. Soak the electrode in the buffer solution for five minutes to condition the electrode. Discard the buffer in the sink. 3. Refer to the instructions for using the pH meter. Standardize the meter to pH 7. 00 using a fresh sample of pH 7 buffer. (Student 2) 4. Obtain the following items from the instructor 1 100-mL volumetric flask, with stopper 2 burets, 2 buret clamps, and 2 ring stands 2 10-mL volumetric pipets, and pipet pumpsAttach the buret clamp to the ring stand. 5. smart the flask with soap and water, and rinse carefully with two 10-mL portions of distilled water. 6. Cl ean the burets with tap water, followed by two rinses with distilled water. then place each buret in the buret clamp on the ring stand. give chase one of the burets NaOH and the other one HCl. 7. Clean the pipets with tap water, followed by two rinses with distilled water. Label one pipetA and the other B. 8. Pour cxxv mL of 0. 10 M NaOH from the hood into a 250-mL beaker. Label the beaker. register the concentration on line 16 of your science lab report. 9. Pour 80 mL of 0. 10 M HCl from the hood into a 150-mL beaker. Label the beaker. 10.If it is open, come outing the stopcock on the NaOH buret. Use a funnel to pour rough 10 mL of 0. 10 M NaOH into the buret. Remove the buret from the buret clamp and roll the buret in your hands to allow the NaOH to coat the inside of the buret. Discard the rinse into a 30-mL beaker through the stopcock. 11. Re change state the buret to the buret clamp and close the stopcock. Now fill the buret with 0. 10 M NaOH to one inch above the 0-mL m ark. Open the stopcock to feed the buret to 0. 0 mL in the 30-mL beaker, thus removing any air bubbles in the buret tip. Discard the rinse into the sink. 12. Repeat steps 10 and 11 for the HCl buret, using 0. 0 M HCl preferably of NaOH. The same 30-mL beaker can be used to collect the drain. (Student 1) Preparation of 0. 10 M KHP(aq) . 13. apply the electronic balance, obtain a sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC8H4O4, KHP) with a kitty between 2. 0 g and 2. 1 g. Record the mass of the sample to three decimal places in your notebook. 14. Transfer the KHP sample to the 100-mL volumetric flask, and dissolve in approximately 40 mL of boiled distilled water. Then add boiled distilled water to the flask until the bottom of the meniscus is even with the mark on the neck of the flask. (Use an eyedropper from your desk to add the last few drops of water. ) 15.Stopper the flask, and turn it upside down three or four times to mix the solution totly. Transfer the KHP solution to a full-strength 250-mL beaker. Label the solution as you have been instructed. 16. Determine the concentration of the KHP solution. Preparation of 0. 025 M KHP / 0. 025 M Phthalate ion Buffer Solution. (Student 1) 17. Use pipet A to transfer 25. 0 mL of the 0. 10 M KHP solution prepared above into a pluck 250-mL beaker. Record the volume on the lab report. 18. Use a graduated cylinder to add 25. 0 mL of boiled distilled water to the KHP. jumble the solution thoroughly. (Student 2) 19. Use pipet A to transfer 25. 0 mL of your 0. 10 M KHP solution into a clean 100-mL beaker.Record the volume on the lab report. 20. Read the volume of liquid in the buret to (0. 05 mL. You will need to estimate the last digit remember, buret readings increase from top to bottom. Record the initial buret reading on the lab report. take on certain your eye level is even with the bottom of the meniscus. A piece of white paper behind the buret will assist you in reading the volume. 21. come to the fore t he beaker under the tip of the buret and add 25. 0 mL of 0. 10 M NaOH from the buret to the solution. sway the solution as the NaOH is added to thoroughly mix the solution. Record the final buret reading to (0. 05 mL on the lab report. This solution which you just prepared contains 0. 50 M phthalate ion. 22. Refill the buret to the 0-mL mark with 0. 10 M NaOH. 23. Pour the phthalate ion solution which you prepared into the 250-mL beaker containing the KHP solution (Step 18, Student 1). Label the solution as Buffer. You have now prepared 100 mL of a buffer solution containing 0. 025 M potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) and 0. 025 M potassium sodium phthalate (phthalate ion). Part II. Measurement of pH and Determination of Buffer Capacity. (Student 1) 1. Transfer 10. 0 mL of 0. 10 M HCl from the buret to a clean 150-mL beaker. Add 10. 0 mL of boiled distilled water to the beaker. get up the mixture and measure the pH with the pH meter.Record the measurement on the lab report. 2. Pla ce the beaker under the buret containing the 0. 10 M NaOH. Record the initial volume of NaOH in the buret to (0. 05 mL. Add 1. 0 mL of NaOH to the HCl solution. Stir the mixture and character the new volume of NaOH in the buret and pH on the lab report. 3. Add another 1. 0 mL of NaOH to the beaker. Stir and record the volume and pH on the lab report. Repeat this process until a total of 15 mL of NaOH has been added. 4. Discard the solution in the sink. soundly clean the beaker with soap and water. Rinse the beaker twice with 5-mL portions of distilled water before transactions to the next step. (Student 2) 5.Repeat steps 1 4 above using pipet A to transfer 10. 0 mL of 0. 10 M KHP solution to the beaker instead of 10. 0 mL of HCl. (Student 1) 6. Use pipet B to transfer 20. 0 mL of Buffer to a clean 150-mL beaker. Stir the solution and measure the pH with the pH meter. Record the measurement on the lab report. 7. Place the beaker under the buret containing the 0. 10 M NaOH. Recor d the initial volume of NaOH in the buret to (0. 05 mL. Add 1. 0 mL of NaOH to the buffer solution. Stir the mixture and record the new volume of NaOH in the buret and pH on the lab report. 8. Add another 1. 0 mL of NaOH to the beaker. Stir and record the volume and pH on the lab report.Repeat this process until a total of 10 mL of NaOH has been added. 9. Discard the solution in the sink. Thoroughly clean the beaker with soap and water. Rinse the beaker twice with 5-mL portions of distilled water before proceeding to the next step. (Student 2) 10. Repeat steps 6 9 above using pipet B to transfer 20. 0 mL of Buffer to the beaker. titrate the buffer with 0. 10 M HCl instead of NaOH. C. Disposal All solutions may be discarded in the sink with plenty of running water. D. data Analysis Use the graphing feature of Microsoft Excel or Vernier graphic Analysis to create graphs of pH vs. mmol added for each of the four titrations.