Achievements of Ancient Egypt

Achievements of Ancient EgyptAchievement of Ancient EgyptThe achievements of ancient Egypt can be traced back to the limit between 3000 BC to 31 BC. From advances in mathematics, writings to symbolized achievements in medicine art and knowledge, Egypt has make tremendous advances in regulate the beingness civilization (Winckelmann and Alex, 54). It was a leading Middle Eastern force out in the period of 612 onwards. The emperor of Macedonian conqueror Alexander the bully desired to be crowned pharaoh that indicated that civilization made strides even for semipermanent periods (Smith and Roger, 33).Alexander the Greats general named Ptolemy became an independent ruler in 305BC after being crowned pharaoh, and his line of rule lasted to the famous queen, Cleopatra. She passed on in 31B.C.After this period of time, the Roman Empire were able to capture the Nile V exclusivelyey, and it was ruled by foreigners for oer a period of a thousand course of instructions (Smith and Roge r, 16). These meant that the Egyptian gloss had to change to states of unrecognizable features. Within this paper, there would be a precise analysis of these achievements ranging from agriculture, art to science to applied science.AgricultureLife in Egypt was pertain on the river Nile. Farmers developed long irrigation methods which controlled the flow of water so as to ensure that crop yields were maintained throughout seasons whether dry or rainy. They dissever the year into 12 months,30 days each month and five days of celebration (Smith and Roger, 21). They also made the solar calendar. The rich fertile valleys made it possible for projects such as Pyramids through the surpluses of crops. These surpluses were utilise to fund the sharp lifemodal value for the elite to help in diplomatic and trade relations and to enable wars of conquest were paid for (Winckelmann and Alex, 57).Writing and literatureThe earliest hieroglyph writing dated back to 3000 BC. Hieroglyphs repres ented a word, sound or a silent determinative and the symbol could serve different purposes in reference to a specific context (Wilkinson, 42). Though the majorities were written from estimable to left, the Egyptian ideograms were made up of hundreds of symbols that could be recited in rows or columns or either direction (Smith and Roger, 27). These ideograms were exclusively used in grave accents and on pitfall monuments in Egypt.Anformer(a) form of writing that existed and which was highly accepted by the scribes was the one called hieratic. It uses a cursive script or in other words a joined up writing. It was easy and quicker to use, in comparison to hieroglyphic (Shaw, 32). Towards the end of Ancient Egyptian civilization that is more or less 500 BC a new form of writing emerged called the Demotic. It was phonetic, semi-alphabetic script. literatureMost of the Egyptian hieroglyphic texts are theological or commemorative. Their literature is notably evident in public monumen ts, and walls of temples. Love poetry, proverbs, curses, myths and legends are all found in hieratic and later modified into demotic scripts (Shaw, 22).Stories take away been discovered dating back to the middle Kingdom. One of the famous stories, is the invoice of sinuhe. Another tale is that of Wenamum that proffers an insight into Egypts declining phase (Wilkinson, 37). These stories were said to have style and impact which was based on stories from Reminiscent Arabian nights. The Egyptian stories proven that a lively literary tradition even in the sense impression of humour existed in Ancient Egypt. They may also be used to illustrate the theme of secular versus esoteric literature (Smith and Roger, 41).Religion was an in-chief(postnominal) element of Egyptian literature. Hymns and prayers were written for purposes of praising gods. The Egyptians regarded the Pharaoh as a god, and their positive god was called the Ra. He was the god of the light, and guardian of Egyptian l ives.ArtEgyptian art was a true reflection of their way of life. This was greatly be in temple drawings, and tombs of prominent people. The intention of these drawings was to provide information which the dead person could use while transiting to another level of life (Shaw, 31). It provided instructions to these people, on how they ought to conduct themselves in the other life. Talk of mysteries. Furthermore, pictures of servants, slaves, and food were used to bear on that the deceased would need them, just as they are needed in the physical life (Smith and Roger, 45). In addition, artists used paints (blue, red, orange and white) made from of course occurring minerals. By the time of Ramses, the second, artists gained the capability of shading colors for purposes of achieving a shape effect. Sculptors were also important in ancient Egypt (Wilkinson, 41). Furthermore, Egyptians made statutes of animals, gods, kings, queens etc, for purposes of flattery and worship. Pottery gl azed with minerals was always used to make amulets, pendants, beads, jewelry.Architecturearchitectural achievements in ancient Egypt were built of stone. This stones came from quarries that were notable of supplying granite, limestone, sandstone which were used in building the temples and tombs. This architect did plan how to build, and they did it without mortar so that the stones could fit hardly on one another (Smith and Roger, 47). On the other hand, pillars were used to offer short stone support. Ramps were used to give workers an enabling support to do stones to the top of structures and allow artists decorate the tops of walls and pillars (Wilkinson, 37). It is said that as pharaoh was named tomb construction began, and the construction proceeded throughout their lifetime thereby stopping at their time of demise.PyramidsPyramids were tombs which were used to bury the pharaohs. Egyptians believed that the souls of departed kings enabled kingdoms to remain in successfulness a nd peace and full of blessings (Wilkinson, 33). They mummified the Kings bodies to ensure that during such difficult times equivalent during suppressions the gods could intervene on their behalf so that they defeat the enemy for peace to overtop (Magd, 39).MathematicsEgypt had some mathematical achievements which made it possible for their education to increment tremendously. By the year 2700 BC, the Egyptians had developed the base of 10 enumerations (Shaw, 27). By the year 1300 BC, Egyptians managed to develop two algebraic equations. The innovation in mathematics gave them a cutting edge from the rest of the demesne. In the year 1650 BC, geometry, cotangent one-dimensional and algebraic equations, arithmetic series and geometrics series were developed (Magd, 27).Medicine and scienceEdwin Smith Papyrus, a medical tradition that traces as far as 3000BC was initiated in 1600 BC. Later ancient Egypt saw Ebers Medical Papyrus, traditional sensualism and the Worlds earliest tumors being documented in 1500 BC (Wilkinson, 33). Also, ancient Egyptian doctors gained the skills and capability of stitching wounds, repairing broken bones, and amputating infected limbs. They managed to bandage body cuts by the use of raw meat, and linen, which were soaked in honey (Magd, 31). In science, the world looks at Egyptian astrology as the origin of all galactic knowledge. Ancient civilization of Egypt devoted much time and energy to break down the heavens (Winckelmann and Alex, 59). The information was put to practical use in agriculture, geodesy and the strategy of weights and measures and also to study correspondences between events in the heavens and event on earth.ConclusionAlthough open problems have emerged over the sophistication of Egyptian technology and its adoption of various advances, it cannot go without mentioning that Egypt shaped the Worlds civilization. This is from the Napoleonic conquests, to the modern Egyptology. The world looks at Egypt as the moth er of all civilization. Currently, the country is enjoying better tourism business because of this ancient works. From artistic drawings to mummifications in pyramids to literature and medicine, Egypt has attained perception from the world all over. Works CitedSmith, Miranda, and Roger Stuart. Ancient Egypt. London Kingfisher, 2010. Print.Wilkinson, Toby A. H. The organise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. New York Random House, 2010.Print.Shaw, Ian. The Oxford recital of Ancient Egypt. Oxford Oxford UP, 2000. Print.Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, and Alex Potts. History of the Art of Antiquity. Los Angeles,Calif. Getty Research Institute, 2006. Print.Magd, Zeinab. Imagined Empires a History of Revolt in Egypt. Berkeley U of California, 2013.Print.

Importance of History and Context Considerations for Clients

Importance of History and Context Considerations for lymph nodesHistorical and contextual Considerations for nodesSiobhan L. HealyAbstractThis paper discusses four references in total, twain from the perspective of a psychologist in private serve and two from the perspective of a trail psychologist.First, we entrust be covering two clients who visited Dr. Goldsteins private practiceClient 1 Brian, a 28 grade old, married return of a two course old daughter and a sixer month old infant son, is speaking a feeling of unhappiness. He states that he is miser satisfactory, making everyone around him miser competent.Client 2 Cindy, a 41 year old, recently divorcementd woman with kayoed children and high take aim education is non qualified to relax and worries ab surface something all the time. She experiences a feeling of handout crazy.Next, we will be discussing two clients Dr. Venneman, the school psychologist, is coveringClient 1 Rosie, a 7-year-old randomness-grade r from an intact family has recently moved into the school soil and was referred for experiencing academic roughies concerning reading and writing, as well as loving difficulties with her classmates.Client 2 Marco, a 17 year old high school student was referred for failing grades and refusal to follow course sequences. He is examineing dropping out of school.The hypothesis for this paper is, that, when clinicians ar able to gather enough entropy about their clients history and weave to standher liable(p) data to get a clear picture of individually case, they will be able to use the mark opinion in rank to design a word plan.According to Groth-Marnat, the evaluation of the referral question in each case is of great sizeableness. An inaccurate clarification of a line backside way out in practical limitations of psychological evaluations. It is the clinicians responsibility to provide recyclable study and to clarify the requests they receive, and each clinician is aw are of the value and the limitations of psychological tests. Further more than, clinicians should not postulate that requests for evaluation and referrals are adequately described or elaborated on. In fact, clinicians whitethorn read to uproot unspoken expectations of clients and uncover inter ad hominem relationships and unsung be onndas. Limitations of psychological tests fill to be explained to clients and the clinician is required to fully understand the vocabulary, dynamics, referral saddle horse, and abstract model (Groth-Marnat, 2003).Because clinicians are rarely asked to provide a general or global assessment, exactly are instead expected to answer originateicular questions, they need to address these questions and should contact the line of the referral at various stages in the assessment process. In an educational evaluation, such as in Rosies and Marcos case, the school psychologist should observe the student in the classroom environment. The breeding gathere d from such an observation should then be relayed back to the source of the referral (school) in order to get further clarification and, possibly, a modification of the initial referral question (Groth-Marnat, 2003). aft(prenominal) gaining insight into the referral question, clinicians should proceed with the collection of information. A variety of sources whitethorn be used for this purpose, such as someoneal history, audience data, behavioural observations, and test scores. Furthermore, clinicians could apply any previous psychological evaluations, aesculapian temperaments, police reports, school books, or they could discuss the flow rate issues with the client and/or with parents or teachers (Groth-Marnat, 2003). For example, Dr. Goldstein could ask his client, Brian, the 28 year old overprotect of two small children, a few background questions, such as, when did you runner experience the feeling of unhappiness and what exactly do you do to beat everyone around you mi serable, or how was your marriage before the birth of your children, what whitethorn be additional stress factors besides the overwhelming task of having two young children, and how is your social life?Furthermore, Dr. Goldstein should explore any practicable checkup reasons for Brians unhappiness. Once the clinician has ruled out certain factors that whitethorn be contributing to Brians condition, he whitethorn be able to pinpoint the cause of his unhappiness and determine that Brian is simply and temporarily overwhelmed by the addition of a bracing baby to an already stressful life. after(prenominal) all, additionally to having to go to work to financially support a family of four, Brian is close wish wellly sleep deprived due to his infant sons irregular sleep pattern. Ultimately, Brians wife and daughter may be placing unreasonable demands on him by asking for more help and attention. close to likely this phase will pass and the clinician will be able to design a solid assessment and treatment plan.Dr. Goldsteins second case of Cindy, the 41 year old, divorced female, may be a complex one to examine. Once again, Dr. Goldstein should ask Cindy questions such as what were the reasons for your recent divorce, and when did you initial experience the feeling of going crazy and how does it bear, what kind of worries are the most prevalent and what allow you tried to do in order to relax? After view out a medical problem, the clinician should examine Cindys situation carefully, as it sounds like she may be suffering from anxiety and depression due to her recent divorce. After the divorce, she may have also lost common friends she shared with her partner. The divorce may have left her financially and emotionally drained and she may be going finished a midlife crisis. In cases like that, the strength for substance abuse as a coping mechanism batch be high. With detailed information about Cindys background, Dr. Goldstein should be able to create a t horough assessment and a feasible treatment plan.In the case of Rosie, the 7-year-old second-grader from an intact family who recently moved to a tender school district, the school psychologist, Dr. Venneman, should obtain any and all school and medical records and he should gather as much information from Rosies parents and current and former teachers (or principals). Dr. Venneman should explore whether Rosie had any academic issues in her former school. She may have to get an eye exam to rule out a vision problem since her decreasing performance involves reading and writing. After reigning out any medical problems, Dr. Venneman should find out if Rosie may be missing her old friends and social activities. He should ask parents and teachers questions such as has she made any friends at all yet, or is she restrained involved in the sports activities that she used to enjoy? It is very likely that Rosie is skilful experiencing a temporary loss of a sense of stability (of a predict able environment and routine) and the loss of her friends due to the move. Once she is used to her immature situation, she will most likely be able to adapt, make new friends, and catch up with school work.In the case of Marco, the 17 year old high school student who is considering dropping out of school, Dr. Venneman may have to explore his school and police records and conduct interviews with his family and teachers. After ruling out a medical condition or a come-at-able criminal past, the clinician should ask Marco and everyone concerned a number of questions, such as how long has the lack of interest in school work persisted and what was make to intervene, what are his peers like, and what does Marco want for his future? Fortunately, Marco is a minuscule time away from graduating from high school and the clinician should put emphasis on finding a quick and solid solution to jump-start Marcos motivation.In all of these cases, it is serious to realize that any tests themselve s are middling one tool (or source) for gathering data. Each case history is of importance as it provides the clinician a context for understanding each clients current issue and with this knowledge the test scores become meaningful. A number of ethical guidelines have emerged for conducting formal assessments, ensuring that appropriate professional relationships and procedures are developed and maintained (Groth-Marnat, 2003, p.48).When assessing all of the above clients, the clinician must carefully consider what constitutes his or her ideal practice. There will always be difficulties involving assessment procedures. The main issues are the use of tests in inappropriate contexts, confidentiality, cultural bias, incursion of privacy, and the continued use of tests that are inadequately validated (Groth-Marnat, 2003, p.48) consequently, this has resulted in legion(predicate) restrictions as to the use of certain tests, increased skepticism, and a greater need for clarification wi thin regarding ethical standards within the field of psychology (Groth-Marnat, 2003). As in Rosies and Marcos case, the clinician would be concerned about dealing with minors, especially if one was diagnosed with a disability, and should obtain consent to perform the assessments through a parent or legal guardian.As described by Steege Watson (2013) when information is systematically collected and analyzed for the express purpose of ascertain behavioral function and the development of a BIP, it should be considered an evaluation and enate permission obtained (p.34). Furthermore, it would be unethical of Dr. Goldstein, for example, to reveal information about Brian or Cindy to others, unless the clients are posing a risk to themselves or others (such as a threat of suicide or homicide) (Steege Watson, 2013).In the case of Cindy, Dr. Goldstein could begin with a semi-structured interview format and list a sequence of questions that he would like to ask her. The first series of qu estions could embroilWhat are some important concerns that you may have?Could you describe the most important of these concerns?When did the difficulty first begin?How often does it occur?Have there been any changes in how often it has occurred?What happens after the behavior(s) occurs? (Groth-Marnat, 2003, p. 79-80).Since clients vary in their personal characteristics (age, degree of cooperation, educational level, etc.) and type of problem (childhood difficulties, legal problems, psychological problems), the questions should vary from person to person (Groth-Marnat, 2003). In Cindys case, the above questions are appropriate to ask. The series of questions should not be rigid, but asked with a certain level of flexibility, in order to explore relevant but unique issues that may arise during the interview. It is difficult to speculate on the conduction and outcome of the interview, because different theoretical perspectives will exist when it comes to clinician-client interaction b etween Dr. Goldstein and Cindy. It is important to note, that, a successful interview is achieved first and foremost with a proper attitude of the clinician, and not so much by what he or she says or does. The interviewer should always express sincerity, acceptance, understanding, genuine interest, warmth, and a positive regard for the worth of the person. If clinicians do not demonstrate these qualities, they are unlikely to achieve the goals of the interview, no matter how these are defined (Groth-Marnat, 2003, p. 80).Dr. Goldstein should be aware of the interviewer effect because his interview with Cindy is a social interaction and his appearance may influence her answers. This is a common problem and such bias fanny render the results of the study invalid. For example, body language, age, gender, ethnicity, or social status of the interviewer can create this effect. If Dr. Goldstein happens to be of the corresponding age and ethnicity of Cindys ex-husband, with a similar social status and body language, she may not answer all the questions without bias. Unfortunately, there is always going to be such a possibility when conducting an interview.After Dr. Goldstein has concluded the interview with Cindy, he will then provide an outline of the behavioral assessment, similar to the behavioral interview. He will initially provide Cindy with an overview of what has to be accomplished with a clearly detailed specification of her problem behavior. Dr. Goldstein will identify the localize behavior(s) and define them in exact behavioral terms. For example, Cindys target behaviors may be excessive worry and inability to relax as part of an anxiety disorder. The clinician will then determine the problem frequency, duration, and intensity (How umteen times has the feeling of going crazy occurred today, How long did it persist, etc.). He will then identify the conditions in which the problems (worrying, not being able to relax, and so on) occur in terms of its anteced ents, behaviors, and consequences (Groth-Marnat, 2003, p. 114).Dr. Goldstein will determine the sought after level of Cindys performance and consider an estimate of how realistic this is for her with possible deadlines. He will definitely identify Cindys strengths and also put forward procedures for quantity her relevant behaviors. He will decipher who will record what and how will it be recorded, when and where. Then, Dr. Goldstein will determine how the effectiveness of the program should be evaluated. After completing the discussion of areas, he will summarize it to contain that Cindy understands and agrees. Again, this outline should not be rigid and should be used as a general guideline (Groth-Marnat, 2003).In Cindys case, the behavioral interview itself may have presented enough material for an adequate assessment but some form of actual behavioral observation may be required before, during, and after treatment. A method for observing the behavior(s) is often pertinacious on during the initial behavioral interview. While interviews primarily serve to obtain verbal information from clients, behavioral observation conducted to actually carry out certain techniques and strategies of measuring relevant areas of behavior that were previously discussed during the behavioral interview. With Cindy, a behavioral observation may be useful, although it is usually used more frequently in cases such as assessing young children, the developmentally disabled, or resistant clients, but it would be interesting to obtain interval recording, archives recording, ratings recording, and event recording. Dr. Goldstein may ask Cindy to observe her relevant target behaviors. He and Cindy will have to decide on the number of target behaviors to record and the complexity of a recording method, as the task will have to cover manageable and not overly complex (Groth-Marnat, 2003).Target behavior(s) should be identified in a narrative description of Cindys problems and after s pecified by determining the antecedents and consequences related to her problem behavior. All of her behaviors need to be broadsided in an objective manner, with complete definitions that enable summary observations of the measures of the behaviors. Such definitions should not include abstract terms, such as absentmindedness or sadness, and instead concentrate on specific behaviors. Furthermore, the definitions should be easy to read. When Dr. Goldstein is measuring behavioral frequencies, he must clearly define when the behaviors begin and end. It can be difficult to measure less clearly defined behaviors. The recordings should measure the duration of behaviors and their intensity. For example, how fast does Cindys heart beat during an anxiety/ dread attack in which she feels that she is losing her mind and how long did this heart rate remain? Measurements as such will determine how urgent and strong a treatment approach should be (Groth-Marnat, 2003).Of further importance is th e setting of a behavioral observation and it can range from a native setting to a highly structured one. Natural, or in vivo, settings for Cindy can include her home, the park, or the mall. Such natural settings are the most effective ones when move to assess high-frequency or depressive behaviors, as in Cindys case. Unfortunately, observations in natural settings require an extensive amount of time but are useful when the amount of change the client has made is measured after a treatment. Dr. Goldstein may decide to create a structured environment, such as a role play, that bring out specific types of behaviors. Such environments can be important for infrequent behaviors but this type of setting may not generalize into Cindys actual life. The training of the observer has to include a clear understanding of measuring the behaviors, emphasizing on victorious objective and accurate recordings. The clinician should take precautions to avoid observer error, through bias, lapses in co ncentration, leniency, and discussing of data with other observers. Reliability may be checked by comparing the degree of agreement between different observers rating the same behaviors (Groth-Marnat, 2003, p.116). After gathering enough information about their clients history and pertinent data during behavioral interviews and assessments, clinicians have a clear picture of each case and will be able to design and implement the correct treatment plan.ReferencesGroth-Marnat, Gary (2003). Handbook of Psychological Assessment 4th ed. John Wiley Sons.Retrieved on 20 February 2015 from http//marijag.home.mruni.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/handbook-of-psychological-assessment-fourth-edition.pdf.Steege, M.W., Watson, T.S. (2013). Conducting School-Based Functional Behavioral Assessments, Second Edition. Guilford Press. VitalBook file.

Value of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

Value of the Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireThe Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) is oneness of the most widely utilize instruments to measure drawing cardship ability and demeanour in organisations and organisational studies. until now this does non mean it is without flaws. This embrace will describe and discuss the MLQ and its primary(prenominal) purposes. It will analyse lead theories and the ways in which the test resonates with and conflicts with specific theories. In particular it will look at clean and coetaneous lead perspectives and theories and how it has been applied to the development of the MLQ and the Multifactor Leadership instance the questionnaire is found on. This cover will show that while there ar flaws in the design, construction, rigourousness and practical application of the MLQ, it is a reliable dent when used in conjunction with other attractership selection and development tools and offers much telephone in evaluating le aders ability and behaviours, accessory reactions and situational attri entirelyes.In 1978, Burns proposed that leaders could be distinguished in terms of transactional or transformational leaders (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450). In his work, transactional leadership consisted of an ex sort process between the leader and follower in which the leader offers a reward for compliance with his or her geld (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450) and is based on rewards and punishment. Transformational leadership on the other batch is the process of motivating followers or colleagues to do more than in the first place expected using charisma, influence and fantasy by transferring followers attitudes, beliefs and values, as opposed to simply gaining compliance (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 450 Rafferty and Griffin, 2004, p 330). However, Burns proposed that a leader was either transformational or transactional, and that the two were at opposite ends of the spectrum.In the 1980s, Basss shape up wa s able to draw heavily on Burns work, but hypothesised that made leaders were transformational and transactional. Bass conjecture re devoteed a compounding of transformational, transactional and non-transactional laissez-faire leadership factors (Antonakis et al, 2003, p 264). Bass propositioned that transformational and transactional leadership styles atomic number 18 specialize and independent dimensions that appear simultaneously (Tejeda, S slewdura and Pillai, 2001, p 33) and that the transactional attributes would deliver the basic ineluctably of an organisation, while the transformational attributes would foster change and encourage commitment. He believed that every leader displays each of the styles to some extent and called this the Full Range of Leadership Model (Bass, 1998, p. 7). However an powerful leader would demonstrate transformational attributes more frequently therefore transactional attributes.Central to Bass look into is the Multifactor Leadership Ques tionnaire (Hartog, Muijen and Koopman, 1997, p21). The MLQ is a leadership sagacity tool that measures leadership behaviour and style. It is the primary measurement tool of inquiry on the system (Tejeda et al, 2001, p 34). In its most recent format, the MLQ is a short but comprehensive survey of 45 items which measures a full commence of leadership styles (http//www.cornerstonecoaching.com.au/MLQ_Questionnaire.html, 20/09/2010).The MLQ is designed to evaluate the factors that are think to leadership and how these factors determine the efficiency and authority of a leader. It assesses the transformational leadership with quin scales 1) idealised attributes, 2) idealised behaviours, 3) inspirational motivation, 4) intellectual stimulation and 5) someoneised personation (Muenjohn and Arm blotto, 2008, p 5). Three scales are identified as characteristics of transactional leadership 1) dependent upon(p) on(p) reward, 2) management by expulsion active and management by excepti on passive and one scale for Non-leadership, laissez-faire (Muenjohn and Armstrong, 2008, p 5). It withal assesses the proceeds of leadership in terms of effectiveness and satisfaction. The current version of the MLQ (Form 5X) was unquestionable based on the results of studies of the previous versions and the feedback of leadership scholars who revised the questionnaire (XXXXX IN Antonakis, Avolio and Sivasubramaniam, 2003, p 265) and is used widely in search and across organisations in leadership assessment and development.Leadership Theories and the Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireThe Multifactor Leadership Model has become one of the most widely cited theory of leadership, and while Bass (Bass, 1990b, in Hartog et al, 1997, p19) claims that the transactional-transformational leadership mannikin is a new paradigm, and does non replace or develop other beats, the forge does in fact integrate ideas from mere and contemporaneous theories of leadership. Up until the lat e 1940s, the trait-based onset dominated leadership approaches (Parry and Bryman, 2006, p 448). These theories separate characteristics that disparateiated leaders from non-leaders based on the premise that leaders are born, to an extent, and that the skills required are innate and are not developed all over time. The Multifactor Leadership Theory is not a trait based approach however it is evident that there are current traits exhibited that differentiate a transformational leader from a transactional leader or traits that are not considered as leadership qualities. For instance, confidence (question 25), pride (question 10), optimism (question 9), resiliance and enthusiasm (question 13) are seen as traits of transformational leaders. whizz question in the MLQ states my associates and followers trust me and exhibit the values I portray (www.mlq.com.au, accessed 21/09/2010). In this question, trustworthiness is a trait that is sensed as important for transformational leadersh ip. In fact, Bass approach is based on the concept of the trait or characteristic of charisma. However what the MLQ does not do is state that leadership traits are innate, and that leaders cannot be developed. A distinguish advantage of the MLQ is that it is a tool to assess leadership skills and develop the leader into becoming more effective, efficient and transformational and show where development is required.From inception, the multifactor leadership role model incorporated earlier behavioural approaches to leadership (Sashkin, 2004 in Antonakis, Cianciolo and Stenberg, 2004, p 175). demeanor dimensions are actions that inspires by communicating a vision, actions that express settings and behaviours that engage and argufy followers to think for themselves (Sashkin, 2004 in Antonakis et al, 2004, p 175). unrivalled of the best cognize approaches to behavioural leadership theories stems from research undertaken by a group of researchers at the Ohio State University. Stogdil l and Coons identified two dimensions of leadership in their studies, referred to as consideration or employee-oriented leadership and initiating structure or production-oriented leadership (Antonakis, Cianciolo and Stenberg, 2004, p 7), not dissimilar to transactional, or childbed focussed leadership.It is important to note that hostile trait based approaches to leadership which focuses on characteristics that is perceived to make a good leader, behavioural approaches emphasise that behaviour can be changed, and through and through training, individuals can be better leaders. The MLQ is a tool that assesses current behaviour and can be used as a tool to helper in maturation individuals to better leaders.In 1967, Fiedlar proposed a contingency model of leadership effectiveness which measured the leadership orientation of the person terminate it (Fiedlar, 1967 in Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). The leader was either human-relations oriented, that is, considerate of the subordina tes feelings and pertain with fostering good relations, or task-motivated (Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). Like Burns approach on transactional and transformational leadership, Fiedlar proposed that leaders were either human-relations oriented or task motivated, and could riffle depending on the situational factors. The MLQ however shows that for a leader to be effective, two task oriented attributes and transformation attributes needed to be displayed. The two were not co-dependent. The theory focuses on contingent reward as motivation, and is similar to transactional leader attributes. However, the theory highlighted that since a leaders personality does not change, it is instead necessary to change the situational factors instead, such as task structure, position power or leader-member relations (Parry and Byrman, 2006, p 449). The MLQ is an assessment tool based on analysing a persons behaviours and attributes and developing or changing their behaviour to transformational le aders quite an than transactional or non-leaders rather than the need to change the environment or situation.The multifactor model seems to stem from research conducted from the late 1980s onwards and the theories that became known as contemporary perspectives. One such example is leadership through emotional intelligence (EI). EI is systematically associated with good leadership and is the ability to understand and manage feelings, moods and emotions in self and others (Kupers and Weibler, 2005, p 369). The connection between emotions and transformational leadership was assessed by research conducted in 2001 by Palmer, Walls and Burgess by measuring emotional intelligence in 43 participants in managerial roles using the Trait Meta Mood Scale, and effective transformational leadership attributes were measured by the MLQ. It was found that there was a confident(p) correlation between EI and transformational leadership, a factor that has not been missed by Bass, who declared that leadership is as much emotional and subjective as rational and objective in effect (1999, p 19 in Kupers and Weibler, 2005, p 369). This and other research has suggested that EI is an important component of transformational leadership, and the ability to give transactional attributes when required. In fact, transformational leaders would need to use emotion to communicate vision to gain a response from their subordinates. It is interesting to note that the EI model became ordinary from 1980 onwards. Perhaps for this reason Bass and team insisted that their multifactor leader model was not based on previous classic models of leadership but maintain that there was a positive relationship between EI and transformational leadership. While this report does not propose that the multifactor model does not have any similarities to classic models, it is evident that the model has more similarity with contemporary models of leadership.Further correlations can be made between the multifacto r model and the level 5 leadership model and inspirational leadership model. The level 5 leadership model is based on the premise that an effective leader exhibits attributes effective leadership, able management, contributing team membership and a highly capable individual and can in addition demonstrate personal humility and sea captain will. Inspirational leadership is a combination of level 5 leadership and EI. Inspirational leaders selectively show their own weaknesses, dare to be different, rely on intuition and ability to read interpersonal cues and blueprint tough empathy. Attributes of the multifactor model, including inspirational motivations, simulation and consideration are similar to the concepts presented above. useful leaders will also be transformational and transactional, therefore showing both competent manager and highly capable individual attributes.Strengths and Weaknesses of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire practicable ApplicationThe MLQ is essentia lly based on the premise that for a leader to be successful, transactional and transformational attributes need to be displayed. This has also made the test commonplace and valid in a variety of situations and environments, including structured, task oriented workplaces, such as manufacturing or in a professional services environment, where employee empowerment, charisma and visionary leadership are prevalent. In addition, it is essentially a 360 degree feedback tool, that is used not only to develop the leader but to determine the sights of subordinates, thereby increasing accuracy, acceptance, better understanding of murder and gaps in performance and indicates the leadership skills an individual needs to develop to be effective. found on the results, ineffective leaders can be differentiated from effective leaders. Furthermore, its successful application in a variety of organisations is highlighted by the fact that it has been translated in other languages to decrease the l anguage barrier or cultural implications.What it does not take into account however, is other cultural implications such as prefer or required leadership style or social factors, and research has revealed that different cultures place value certain leadership styles and behaviours to a great extent than others. Certain cultures for instance, may not value individualise d consideration for instance as much as the cultural norms of collectivistic societies in China or India for instance, so attributes valued in the multifactor model may not be ideal in certain cultures. In a study by Shahin and Wright (2004), they highlighted that cooperation and coordination were important for social integration among citizenry in Egypt, stemming from social culture and its dependence on Islam (Shahin and Wright, 2004, 9 203). The MLQ does not take into account social culture and cultural implications and for this reason except questions were added measuring social integration. Shahin and Wrigh t (2004) also noted that the form in which attractive leadership portrayed in the Egyptian context has a strong element of authoritarianism (p 504). The leadership style exhibits strong elements of transactional leadership behaviours, where contingent reward and management by exception are required to pick up subordinates perform (Shahin and Wright, 2004, 9 504). Therefore the ideal measurements of the MLQ needed to be customised to admit the context.In additionValidity and DesignAs noted above, underlying to the multifactor model is based on the premise that the theoretical background stems from classic and contemporary leadership, and is based on developing leaders, not that leaders are born. The MLQ is widely accepted and used and extensive research has been conducted that highlights its validity and dependability to measure management behaviour and performance (Agle, 1993 Carless, Mann and Wearing, 1995 Lowe, Kroek and Sivasubramaniam, 1996). It has emerged from a through a nd stern research process over the past fifteen years (Whitelaw, 2001, p 1).Part of its success in implementation in todays business area is its success in integrating emotional intelligence into the attributes of transformation leaders. Based on the results, training, support, mentoring and coaching can be provided to the leader.It would be very toilsome in criticising the MLQ in terms of its application, as the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) is widely used in academic research and also a broad range of different organisations across many cultures (Anatonakis et al, 2003 Krickbride, 2006). The evidence of this is the fact that the MLQ has been translated into ten different languages, and has extensively been used in organisations globally in the following sectors in many sectors such as training, consulting, financial and insurance institutes, law firms, hospitals, dig and manufacturing businesses, media, government, marketing, gaming industry, defence, retail, prop erty businesses, education etc. However, research (House, 1997) reveals that different cultures go immensely in the value they give to certain leadership styles and behaviours. This may lead to a problem in the potential application of the MLQ as leadership behaviour that is valued by the MLQ (e.g. individualised consideration towards subordinates) superpower violate certain cultural norms of collectivist societies e.g. India and Japan. Furthermore, a research conducted by Connelly, Zaccharo, Threlfall, Marks and Mumford (2002) reveals that questionnaires like MLQ in which subordinates and peers provide evaluation, fail to measure certain types of leadership skills, as they big businessman be less observable e.g. knowledge, problem-solving and astuteness capabilities.The ***** provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of public organizations, especially on the point that the criteria are multiple, shifting, and conflicting (Rainey, 2003)The MLQ is capable of measuring th e extent to which leadership is ***** considerate, providing the ***** with support, mentoring, ***** coaching (*****, p. 5). constituted ***** (Bass). In addition, the MLQ*****. Differentiates effective and ineffective leaders ***** all organizational levels2. Assesses the effectiveness ***** an entire organizations leadership3. Is valid ***** cultures ***** types of organizations*****. Is ***** to administer, requires 15 minutes to complete5. Has ***** extensively ***** and vali engagementd6. The MLQ provides the best relationship ***** survey data to organizational essence and, 7. The MLQ has become ***** benchmark measure of Transformational Leadership (***** *****) The data developed from the ***** to date have been shown to highly correlate with ***** with effectiveness, performance, ***** satisfaction (Bass, p. 83). In addition, the feedback of MLQ results can also be used for mentoring, counseling, coaching, and training MLQ scores might also be used profitably to identif y executives to head ***** ventures (Bass, p. 84).Theoretical background is based on developing leaders, not that leaders are bornEI aspects present in MLQPlenty of research and used widely, accepted360 degree feedback, tool to identify the thoughts of subordinates practical application design validityWeaknesses of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ethnic factors e.g. org cultureEnvironmental factors, economy (crisis)Type of organisation e.g. manufacturing organisation might need diff style of leadership to professional services firm belief on honestySelf-evaluationDoes not consider variance in thought or ideologySome questions may not apply in certain situationsOpportunities and Threats of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire practical application design validity finishing

Gender Stereotypes in Young Children

energiseual practice Stereotypes in Young ChildrenSugar and Spice and everything nice, thats what littler girls atomic number 18 do of. Society today has made a clear cut eminence about what is appropriate for a little boy and what is appropriate for a little girl. Society has made that distinction through sexual urge stereotyping. If you qualifying into a preschool class room today, little girls will be symbolise dress-up with fairy and princess costumes while the boys will be tackling each other or playing with shite trucks. Even though many state intrust that sex is not give awayed, but instinctual instead, on that point whitethorn be exterior influences on gender sections that children fall victim to, for workout p atomic number 18nts influence gender roles by the language they use and media and fiddles reinforce gender stereotypes in children by character portrayal and advertisements.There be many different p benting styles that are seen today. Psycholog ist Diana Baumrind disc everywhereed four basic styles of parenting penitarian, permissive-indifferent, permissive-indulgent, and authoritative (Morris, 310). Regardless of the parenting style that unmatchable family opts for, there seems to be a common thread the majority of parents will dress little boys in gentle and little girls in pink. The idea process behind this is so that their gender can be identify properly by an outside source. No parent wants to be manner of walking through a store with their little boy and have a stranger ask, How old is she? Interestingly enough however, according to the article Whats legal injury with Cinderella? author Peggy Orenstein points out when colors were first introduced to the nursery in the proterozoic part of the twentieth century, pink was considered the more(prenominal) masculine hue, a pastel version of red. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, was thought to be dainty. Somewhere on the lin e, the reverse was thought true pink was more feminine and blue was more masculine, and is so enforced by todays standards.Another example of how potently parents influence gender was learned when an experiment was performed at Harvard University. Male babies were dolled up in pink outfits and were then given to adults to handle under the essence that they were girls. The language used with the boy babies dressed in pink send away into the fe male stereotype, while the girl babies dressed in blue fly into the male stereotype, being called hand virtually and tough (Pruett). Language is a enormous influence on gender interpretation. Often we tell boys not to let out and explain things with different t unmatchables for boys versus girls. If a little girl hits a friend, parents/caregivers cleverness use a gentler phrase like, gentle hands on your friends please. If a little boy hits a friend, parents/caregivers exp starnt just shrug the pull through off as Boys will be boys a s the common saying goes or raise their voices to get the point across more strongly, We DO NOT hit our friendsEven the compliments that adults bestow upon children can be gender stereotyping. When you tell a little a girl how evenhandedly she tangs in her dress is an illustration of that. Parents lead by example. Their children learn doings from what they see their parents doing, even if unintentional. If a child sees their mother as the one who always does the laundry and cooks the meals and the father as the one who always takes the folderal out, then chances are that the child will follow the like roles when as they grow up.Media also plays a large part in where children learn about what their gender role is. Disney movies are a prime example of this. In these movies, the leading female character, usually a princess, is sweet, romantic, daydreams about Prince Charming, and some always wears a dress in a pastel color. On the other hand, the same Disney movie can represent the male creation watching with a prince, who is usually strong, willing to fight, and always gets the girl at the end. These characters very much lead to a misconception of what is feminine and what is masculine. On the spectrum of gender identity, Disney may represent the extremes of what the appropriate gender role is.Advertisements are often seen use gender as a marketing strategy for toys or games. If you look at a mercenary for Tonka Trucks, there wont be a little girl to be seen in these ads. However, if you see a commercial for Easy-Bake oven, the opposite will be true. There will be no boys in those commercials. Seeing these on television demonstrates to children what should be an appropriate toy for a little boy and what should be appropriate for a little girl. Even the behaviors of children portrayed in television advertisements are stereotypic. Boys are often seen as active and domineering while the girls are portrayed as shy or overly silly.These advertisements usua lly lead to the purchase of the toys shown for the sex it was targeted to. Parents often wonder if you give a baby doll to a little boy or a dump truck to a little girl, will they be gender confused. Even the most new-age parents might find it bizarre to see their little boys walking around preschool with a purse and in dress shoes. Boys have a harder time crossing over the gender line, whereas some parents of females might think that its alright for their daughters to play with dump trucks or Legos. This does not mean that the son will be more feminine and the daughter will be a tom-boy, but a majority of parents do not want to risk that.Not everyone gestates, however, that gender is strictly a learned behavior. In 2009, Texas AM University used marrow tracking software to measure infants interest in either male or female toys (Shaffer). According to an article published in 2010, the author M. Fox, found the results to be extremely informativeHormone levels in the saliva, as wel l as finger dimensions that indicate prenatal testosterone exposure were measurable to see if these things could explain why the infants visually preferred certain toys over others. The results revealed that while the girls preferences werent affected by hormone levels at all, the boys preferences were affected by both current and prenatal hormone levels. It appears that the high the presence of testosterone at the time of the test, the greater the preference for groups of figures over individual figures, and those who indicated a higher exposure to prenatal testosterone had a stronger preference for the ball over the doll.This authority that the boys showed an optical penchant for gender particular toys. In an article in New Scientist, Linda Geddes states that research has been done to show that the introduction of changing levels of testosterone and oestrogen while babies are in utero may also have some sway in which toys boys and girls pick.There are other theorists that beli eve that there is a cognitive conjunction to gender development. Carol Lynn Martin and Diane Ruble are cardinal much(prenominal) theorists. They discuss Kohlbergs theory of gender development is and what the collision is of discriminating your gender does not change. This is an important fact for children to learn, generally setting the concepts of what is correct behavior for your gender type. Martin and Ruble think that there are important cognitive written reports for gender development, rather than the influence of a specific outside source.The first important theme discussed is The Emergence of Gender individuality and Its Consequences. In this stage, it is allegedly general knowledge that children conceive that there are two different types of genders, and they have the realization that they fall into one of those two categorizing sexes. This first theme is then broken down into two sub-categories, evaluative Consequences and Motivational and Informational Consequen ces. The former meaning that the child understands and identifies one group as their own and sees this group as a positive. The latter sub-category means that one the child picks a gender to identify with and while the want to understand the opposite sex dwindles, the individual seems only interested it their own gender identity.The second theme that is thought to be a cognitive gender identity link is Active, Self-Initiated View of Gender Development and the final theme is Developmental Patterns. In these two themes, the thought is that the main focus is reading about the social gender group that they most identify with, and forming and exploitation the characteristics that are most familiar with the identified gender. While exploring the cognitive connection to gender, many place a strong association to motivational significances and developmental configurations of the gender identity theory.Even though many theorists believe that gender is not a learned behavior, but you are bo rn knowing the difference between appropriate male behaviors and toys and appropriate female behaviors and toys, others disagree. Those people state that there are many possible outside influences on children when they are learning their gender roles in nightclub. Some also believe that being aware of specific gender stereotypes has a connection to how one behaves. The media and toys that children do see and use play an intricate part in the concept of gender roles and parents influence gender identity by using specific language and actions. Whether or not gender is identity is only if obtained by influence or is pre-determined by some cognitive connection, it is an fascinate issue. Should boys and girls be able to make the choice of the toy that they want to play with or what their favorite color is going to be regardless of what society claims is normal? With the role that parents or caregivers play in gender role identification, they should learn different methods for breakin g stereotypes. Adults could make sure that they use the same language for both sexes or become involved in activities such as cuddling with boys or wrestling with girls. Connecting children of both sexes in such a manner is a good way to encourage the cycles of gender stereotyping to end.

The Psychological Effects of Cyber bullying

The Psychological Effects of Cyber browbeatAbstractThe get going few decades choose resulted in major(ip) transformation crossways beta beas of our physical, economical, social and cultural systems. These changes be due to emerging potential reck superstarr technologies and forever enhancing aw atomic number 18ness of the mint. Additionally, the strong, effective and super swift sources of conferences across the world hand in each case added to the diversity creation observed at international levels. These transformations have deflectd almost e rattling discipline, consequently conking to conglomerate mental diversities. Pre displacely, the population across the world appear to be highly updated regarding the developments and variations especially in the reading technology.It appears to be a natural phenomenon that the ever increase usage of these technologies and facilities not only offers numerous advantages hardly virtually sort of predicaments besides ar ises. The cyber boss around comes to be amongst unrivalled of these and is primarily think to the factors influencing the mental aspects. The psyche of the psychological make of the cyber ballyrag requires highlighting close to highly critical factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the age group of the persons involve, the presumable responses of the single-valued functionrs/involved persons, the magnitude and nature of interaction occurs, the everyplaceall environment in context with attitudes and behaviours. In revise to convey a comprehensive rationale of the psychological do of cyber strong-arm, the questi atomic number 53r presented consultations and elaborated the responses in context with the literature. slacken of ContentsAbstract 2Table of Contents 3Chapter 1 51.1 entry 51.2 excogitationation of the look 51.3 minimise of the Research 61.4 Objectives of the Research 61.5 Overview of the address structure 71.6 Summary 8Chapter 2 Literature Review 102.1 gateway 102.2 Legislation against Cyber strong-arm 112.3 Eleven Facts ab off the Cyber blustery 122.4 The Harshest impress of Cyber Bullying 13Chapter 3 Research methodological abstract 143.1 innovation 143.2 Research Design 153.3 primordial winding Research 153.4 substitute Research 163.5 Data collecting 163.6 Interviews 173.7 consume Design 183.7.1 try social unit 183.7.2 examine size 183.7.3 Sampling frame 183.7.4 Sampling technique 193.8 Ethical circumstance 193.9 dominance Problems and the Remedies 193.10 Validity of the question 20Chapter 4 Findings 214.1 Introduction 214.2 Demographic characteristics 214.3 erudition of the Respondents 224.3.1 military rank of Respondents Perception 22Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 265.1 Summary 265.2 Conclusion 265.3 Suggestions for Additional Research 285.4 Limitations of this Research 28References 30 auxiliary 1 32Chapter 11.1 IntroductionPresently, the Information Technologies atomic number 18 associated all directly or indirectly with every benignant existence and bows the breeding at almost every crucial stage. When it comes to have interactions the piece and influence of the information technology appears to be highly critical. It not only erects miscellaneous advantages to the people living in a society but in like manner facilitates them trance having dealings across the borders. Along with advantages some sort of ban impacts also comes in the scenario which typefaceually leads to some sort of disturbances and losses. These negative impacts of information technology basically appear as a result of distraction and unethical dealings. The same sort of impact of information technology is witnessed in the cyber blustering(a). The cyber bullying normally occurs on the mediums including the internet, cellular phones and separate devices which atomic number 18 use to send or post text/images intended to embarrass/ transgress persons. This phenomenon is als o described by other enquiryers as the intentions to disturb persons in non-homogeneous ways such as sending continuous capacitys and mails to a person who rejects to have interaction. In continuation to this simple type of cyber bullying the intentions like sexual remarks, threats, pejorative labels (hate speech), posting false carryment as a fact aimed at humiliation also comes under the cyber bullying.1.2 Title of the ResearchThe Psychological Effects of Cyber bullying1.3 Background of the ResearchIn the present era of globalization where the people atomic number 18 getting educate and close to each other with the use of various on tap(predicate) communication resources. This diversity in the societies is leading the globe towards the environment where the people put down highly in various critical issues of the society. They are better advised and aware of their rights and privileges, this awareness and enhanced options of rapid communication leads to active participatio n. The people operateing to contrary portions of the societies strongly react to the changes and advancements around them at some(prenominal) level, hence, increasing the sensitivity and role of the information technology. This submit aims to highlight the increasing impact and psychological effects of the cyber bullying. Therefore, a deep and critical brainwave of the factors related to the cyber bullying including the age group of the persons involved, the potential responses of the users/involved persons, the magnitude and nature of interaction occurs, the overall environment in context with attitudes and behaviours, are deemed necessary.1.4 Objectives of the ResearchThe paper aims to stress on the impacts and psychological effects of cyber bullying. Additionally, the probable solutions pull up stakes also be presented in accordance with the determination and summary of the literature and primary election selective information being roll up. Moreover, an analysis of t he nature of the cyber bullying pass on also be carried out in order to generate an enhanced rationality of the impact. Therefore, the paper aims on achieving the following objectivesThe extents of kat onceledge world-wide peoples have regarding the cyber bullying.Analysing the probable causes and intentions behind this act.Highlighting the areas which either directly or indirectly relates to the cyber bullying.Gaining an insight of the psychological effects of cyber bullying.Presenting possible solutions for manoeuverling and diminish the affects of cyber bullying.1.5 Overview of the dissertation structureThe entire report represents of certain areas which are listed and discussed beneath1. Introduction This chapter introduces the briny aspects of the search. This chapter includes title and what is the objective of look. Besides that, this chapter gives mount of look into. This chapter explains the rudiments of cyber bullying and the implications regarding its psycholog ical effects. The entire chapter concludes with different inquiry questions and an overview round the question methodology that what strategy of query leave alone be utilized in this research paper.2. Literature Review This chapter analyses the basics of politics along with the role of international politics in context with the Iraq invasion by the coalition. These rudiments are explained in detail with respect to different notional casts. wildness of this chapter is laid on the theories that are directly associated with the scenario. Therefore, it flock be utter that this chapter would give an overall idea about all the major aspects and terminologies that are directly and indirectly associated with the scenario of cyber bullying. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), this chapter would form a mind tick off of the reader that whether the cyber bullying leads to psychological effects?3. Research Methodologies The research methodology that is apply in the research is d iscussed in this chapter. Although there are different methods of doing the research but due to the limitations of research only second-string and primary sources are used. Secondary sources are all-inclusively used in this paper and the entire research is based on books, peer- review articleed journals, scholarly obligates etc.4. Findings and Analysis The findings and different interpretations of the results are included in this chapter and all the results that are achieved are interpreted into pregnant form for further research and analysis. A thematic analysis is undertaken in this regard which would clarify the statement that cyber bullying leads to various psychological effects?5. Conclusions and Recommendations The entire research is summarised in this chapter and limitations of the research and certain recommendations are also discussed in this research paper. Besides that certain recommendations are also presented in this dissertation. This chapter nates actually be in terpreted as the crux of all the chapters as it summarises other chapters and concludes with the final results.1.6 SummaryThis chapter as implied by the name sets up the scene for the entire dissertation and it focuses on different aspects like affirmground of the research, objectives of the research and review of the methodology. The methodology section depicts that both(prenominal) quantitative and soft analysis will be used. The introduction chapter gives up an overview of the entire dissertation and it also elaborates the facts that what other chapters are included in this dissertation and what are their contents.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 IntroductionThere has been difficulty delimitate bullying. After analyzing multiple definitions, Greene (2000) suggested that there were five features that research workers had agreed on. It is aggressive look or intentional harm doing which is carried out repeatedly and over meter in an interpersonal relationship characterized by a n imbalance of power. The victim does not provoke bullying behavior by using oral or physical aggression and bullying occurs in familiar social groups. ( wagon traindebosch and Van Cleemput, 2009)A study in Ireland was carried out to see the effects of bullying. 363 boys out of the 1870 participants (19%) reported to have been bullied at some point in their life. It was comprise that the odds ratio was four times higher to self-harm or grant suicide in boys that had experienced bullying, over the ones who hadnt. This study found psychological issues within the bullied boys. They had problems getting on with their shoalwork, their sexual orientation and physical abuse. (McMahon,E, Reulbach,U, Keeley,H, Perry,I and Arensman,E)This study displays the harsh reality of bullying, however it doesnt end there, as general bullying has moved on with technology. In the one-time(prenominal) it was limited to the playground, now it follows victims home, and they are unable to escape.Cyber bullying is seen as the new breed of bullying. Ten old age ago this sort of bullying wasnt heard of. However, technology has now make it an issue.Such things include the internet and mobile phones. The internet has several different aspects, which posterior lead to cyber bullying. For example these include, email, social networking sites, instant messaging and skype. Problems with these now reflect todays bullying phenomenon.There have been different definitions of cyber bullying, one of which put suggested by Olweus (1993), A person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself. (Slideshare.net)2.2 Legislation against Cyber BullyingLaw and legislation regarding penalizing the bullying has been implemented in the first place in U.S in many states including New York, Maryland and Rhode Island. The truths have now been passed by 7 states agai nst digital harassment in 2007. Ordinance has been passed which has stated online harassment as a crime and would be dealt with state punishment in Missouri. In June, 2008, Rep. Linda Sanchez (D-Calif.) and Rep. Kenny Hulshof (R-Mo.) proposed a federal law that would criminalize acts of cyber bullying. Lawmakers are trying to state new legislation against cyber bullying as there is no particularised law in the books which deals with this particular crime. A new federal law is expected to be implemented soon as no one has been prosecuted yet under this crime. The proposed federal law would make it illegal to use electronic think ups to coerce, intimidate, harass or cause other meaning(a) emotional distress.In August 2008, the California state legislature passed one of the first laws in the country to deal directly with cyber-bullying. The legislation, Assembly Bill, gives crop administrators the authority to discipline students for bullying others offline or online. This law took effect, January 1, 2009. A new-fashioned ruling first seen in the UK determined that it is possible for an Internet helping Provider (ISP) to be liable for the content of sites which it hosts, setting a case law that any ISP should treat a notice of complaint seriously and examine it immediately.2.3 Eleven Facts about the Cyber BullyingIn the recent past, various researches have been conducted to ascertain the facts regarding the cyber bullying and under mentioned eleven facts have been derived Round about 42 percent of the kids have been found bullied online with a ration of one out of every four have faced recurrenceAmong this percentage, being ignored and disrespected were the most putting green forms of cyber bullying.In the case of middle school students approximately 9 out of 10 have had their feelings hurt online. near 75% have visited a Web site bashing another student. quad out of ten middle school students have had their password(s) stolen and changed by a bully who then locked them out of their own account or sent communications posing as them.About 21% of kids have acquire mean or threatening e-mails.The psychological and emotional outcomes of cyber bullying are similar to real-life bullying outcomes, except for the reality that with cyber bullying there is oftentimes no escape. School ends at 3 p.m., while the Internet is available all the time.The primary cyber bullying location where victimizing occurs, at 56%, is in chat rooms.Girls are about twice as likely as boys to be victims and perpetrators of cyber bullying.About 58% of kids admit someone has said mean or hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten regularise it has happened more than once.Cyber bullying has increased in recent years. In a national pot of 10-17 year olds, twice as many children indicated they had been victims and perpetrators.2.4 The Harshest Impact of Cyber BullyingThe effects of cyber bullying are sort of harsh and keister badly affect youth in their life. The statistics show that all singulars adults or teens are being bullied in their life but it is more common to teens. Many parents worry about their kids spending time on the Internet. However, research shows that most parents arent thinking about cyber bullies most are more come to with their child coming across a pornography Web site. An article at middleweb.com shows that cyber bullying should be at the top of every parents look list. The articles disturbing opening paragraph followsOnly after Ryan Halligan hanged himself did his father translate what the 13-year-old had been doing online. Through three months worth of links and instant messages salvage on his home computer, Ryans growing pain and the callousness of his online tormentors became clear. Youre a loser, one message jabbed. There were other taunts, Web searches on suicide, and, ultimately, threats to kill himself to get back at school bullies. Tonights the night, Ryan finally typed. Its about time , the screen replied. This nightmare patch continued after Ryans death on October 7, 2003, when his father, after clicking on his sons saved links, found months of horrible messages directed to Ryan.Chapter 3 Research Methodology3.1 IntroductionThis dissertation was conducted in order to assess the background and psychological effects of cyber bullying. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were utilized in order to satisfy the important info by the researcher. Two research methods were used for crowd the data for the research which are namely survey and interrogate respectively. The data gathered from the survey was then surgeryed and dismemberd which was later compared to the Likert graduated table for data interpretation. The techniques used in this study are there to analyze the data presented in the research. The research conception, methods applied to the research and rationalization of the research methodology applied are discussed within the presented chapte r. Various approaches such as quantitative, qualitative, and Likert scale approach are explained in the following chapters with their respective limitations and advantages. The chapter also sheds light on the most appropriate data crowd methods for the menstruation research. The data collection procedures utilised the primary and secondary research are also reviewed in this chapter. It is important to note here that this research was mainly based on the questionnaires and interviews even though other research methodologies were before long discussed.In order to specify the procedures and methodologies for collection and analysis of the data a master plan is used have it offn as Research Methodology. serial of rational decision devising alternatives are being presented in the research methodology. These alternatives depend upon a lead of available options to the researchers. The unit of analysis, time dimension, the figure of study, data processing, sampling design, and ana lysis of the data are presented in the research methodology. Mainly two techniques of research, Qualitative and quantitative are utilized. Though both of the methods have their own significance, the use of exploratory quantitative research design for this study appears to be appropriate.3.2 Research DesignResearch is an endless drift for truth. It certainly brings to light new knowledge or corrects previous errors and misconceptions and adds to the actual body of knowledge in an orderly manner. This part deals with procedure adopted to conduct the study. The researcher had to depend on the related literature and merged questionnaires. Descriptive data were typically collected through a questionnaire survey, an interview or observation. A formal structure research method will be suitable for conducting such type of research especially when the data is quantitative. Therefore conclusive research method has been elect. Decision making will be based on the findings based on results obtained from literature review and interviews. The type of conclusive research that will be adopting is descriptive research method. This method helps to estimate the perceptions of factors characteristics. It is also very supportive in making special(prenominal) predictions. The method of survey for obtaining data is based on the response and questioning of respondents. In this method, a variety of questions are asked from respondents regarding their perception and influence on their decision. This will help us measure its worth in todays life.3.3 Primary ResearchPrimary research is the collection of data that does not exist. This can be through numerous forms including interviews, questionnaires, telephone conversations, surveys, etc. The major merit with conducting primary research is that it accurate. However, the outrage of primary research is that it whitethorn be time consuming, as it involves dealing with people from various regions, the human sources may only become res ourceful out of their own willingness, and this may take them quit sometimes before making up their minds to tell apart you what they know or give you their side stories about your questions (Focardi Fabozzi, 1998).3.4 Secondary ResearchThe data acquired from secondary sources is very important in forming the base for the primary research to be carried out. Cost and time effectiveness are the biggest advantages of the secondary sources which attracts the users to use these sources. The limitations of secondary sources entails to reliability of the source and difficulty in finding recent and relevant data.The secondary data is collected from articles, books, journals, reports and other received sources. Moreover other sources such as public libraries, Universities and government sources can also be used for the collection of secondary sources. These sources have extensive data available on different research areas. Data can also be collected from directories and catalogues availab le in libraries or internet (Reid and Bojanic 2009). Secondary research is the collection of existing data, that is, in contrast to primary research. For example research on experiments or specific subjects. The merit of secondary research is that its not time consuming however a disadvantage is that the information retrieved may not be relevant.3.5 Data CollectionIn research studies, the source of data is two-fold. Data comes from the inner world of libraries as well as from the outer world of human being. It is either the shelved data or it is the data acquired live from the people involved in the study. This research being in the technological advancements and judgment of psychological effects of cyber bullying, the researcher aims to collect data mainly from the respondents. After considering the various methods of data collection such as ethnographic style, survey, experimental style, and narrative enquiry, interviews have been chosen as it gives the collection of highest opin ions within the time span of the project as well as the fact that the results could be accurately mapped and correlated to provide quantitative information.3.6 InterviewsIn order to achieve the purpose of the investigation, the key focus lies on finding out which techniques should be applied. Interviews were the best method for understanding this research. A respondent interview is one where the interviewer directs the interview and the interviewer responds to the questions of the researcher. And to add more weight on this observation, Borodzicz, (2004) stated that the standard survey interview is itself fundamentally slipped and that it therefore cannot give out as the ideal ideological model against which to assess other approaches. He also elaborates by describing interviews as the verbal exchange of information between two or more people for the principal purpose of one person or group gathering information from the other. And that Semi structured interviews enable one to fix an d control circumstances in order to collect appropriate data while remaining flexible and responsive (Borodzicz, 2004).Structured interviews consist of closed-ended questions, where the structure of the questions, responses and the interview itself is decided prior to the interview. The interviewer has more control over the responses, and can lead the interview into the direction they want. However, the responses received are limited. Semi-structured interviews consist of closed and/or open-ended questions, allowing the interviewer to have some control over the responses and the interview. Although the open-ended questions allow the interviewee to express themselves and encourage them to present their views and opinions. Unstructured interviews consist of open-ended questions that do not restrict the interviewees responses, therefore collecting a wide range of information. This kind of interview is more supple in-terms of the questions being asked and their ordering, all depending u pon the interviewees responses.3.7 Sampling Design3.7.1 Sampling UnitSampling unit will consist of people having age of 15 years or more. The people belong to various disciplines of life including the students the youth, the professionals etc. will be included in the sampling unit. Both males and females will be interviewed.3.7.2 Sample sizeSample size of 08 people will be used.3.7.3 Sampling frameSampling frame includes the following age groups15-25 years25-30 years30 or more3.7.4 Sampling techniqueSampling without replacement will be used. According to this approach one element cannot be selected again, once it is used it is removed from the list to ensure not be selected again.3.8 Ethical ConsiderationAll the measures adopted in this research are aimed to avoid any ethical violation. The research tactics will affect the people from whom data and information has been gathered, so to avoid any violation by engage the following points. I will not force a specific outcome rather go with an open mind to accept some(prenominal) will be the finding I will respect the silence of our participants Proper credits will be provided to the document sources, I know that our college does not accept plagiarism. Plagiarism is a fraudulent act of a researcher when he or she uses the writings of other writers without citing the source (Nueman, 2003). It is more like stealing the work of another researcher, it also include the shameful action of obtaining information from internet sources without providing proper citation.3.9 Potential Problems and the RemediesMany respondents are unaware of the asked question or are unable to transform the force in a descriptive way hence conscious drift should be provided in allocating it at right place to right person. detective must take care not to let their prior theoretical frame work or pre-conceived notion blind them to contrary event in a social setting.Qualitative researcher need to be sensitive to distinction of race, sex, and age and to other major social divisions.(neuman,2004)The facts reveals in open ended questions, that it can be affected by individual biasness, for that I will concerned more than five responses before outline any conclusion regarding particular variable or speculation.3.10 Validity of the researchValidity is concerned with whether the findings are really about what they appear to be about. The information collected from the above mentioned and discussed sources will have a severity reason being that they will be gathered from the genuine sources such as the websites and details taken from the manager. Therefore it will be the information at its purest form and will 100% validity.Chapter 4 Findings4.1 IntroductionIn this chapter, the data gathered from the different respondents who have interviewed in connection with their experiences and opinions regarding the cyber bullying and its psychological effects is presented and analysed. This chapter discusses the results of the interv iews conducted to the 08 chosen respondents. In order to assure limpidity and high level of understanding the selected respondents were briefed prior to starting the survey process regarding various basic aspects of the study which include purpose, significance and objectives. In order to analyze the data, sections have been formulated for the findings. The first section presents a synopsis of the demographic profile of the participants. This profile was categorised in accordance with various factors including gender, age, academic background, and place of residence of the respondents. The view of respondents regarding cyber bullying will be discussed in the subsequent section and in the last section, their standpoint on the conception that cyber bullying leads to various psychological effects. Data collected from the survey was collected and analyzed to achieve the desired aim.4.2 Demographic characteristicsThis section will discuss the demographic profile of 08 individuals who an swered the survey by the researcher. The description of the respondents includes their gender, age, educational background, and their experience. The majority of the participants were male (74%) and the age bracket was 15-35 years which shows that most of the participants were quite related to frequent use of information technologies. Hence, it is expected that with their experience, the responses of this population would be more reliable, accurate and authentic. This was as a result of personal judgement used by the researcher, in an attempt to gain as much diversity as possible.4.3 Perception of the RespondentsThe following sections will present the data and results in accordance with Likert scale. It is worthwhile to mention here that the participants were presented a set of statements so they can express their agreement or disagreement using five-point scale, wherein 5 is equivalent to an answer that qualities a strong agreement and 1 as showing a strong disagreement. This will provide a better understanding about the observations of the following respondents.4.3.1 Evaluation of Respondents PerceptionIt can be stated that the judgement of the psychological effects of cyber bullying requires in-depth analysis of the responses. In this regard, this part of the paper would present the evaluation and assessment of the responses generated from the collected data.Statementpowerfully AgreeAgreeNeutralDisagreeStrongly DisagreeAre you aware of the cyber bullying and have you ever involved?35Do you think the social networking sites are the main mediums of cyber bullying?4121Do you consider that the social level supports extended to cater cyber bullying (including the assistance by academic institutes for students) is appropriate?2321Do you think social networking sites do enough to prevent cyber bullying?251Do you think that cyber bullying leads to various psychological effects?422Table 1 Evaluation of Respondents Viewpoint4.4 InterviewThis portion of the research w ill present a brief analysis of interview conducted from the selected respondents.Are you aware of the cyber bullying and have you ever involved?The respondents appear to be not only very much aware of the term Cyber Bullying but they were also having satisfactory knowledge regarding the effects of cyber bullying. They presented their views and experiences about the cyber bullying. It was revealed that most of them have bullied in the past and some of them even have being bullied more than once. Despite of having being bullied with different types of mediums, maximum of the respondents were of the opinion that they have gone through desolate sort of stress during that specific finale. The factor of stress was noted at a high ratio in the kids and the ones affiliated with schooling. They stated that the period they remained disturb

The Analysis of Autism Facilitates Neuroanatomical Investigations :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Analysis of Autism Facilitates Neuroanatomical Investigations Studying the functions of the various structures of the intelligence is best carried out through analysis of brain defects. For example, individuals with autism exhibit special behaviors that argon not considered normal. Assuming that behavior originates from the brain, then it becomes clear that in order to discover the causes of the abnormal behavior a comparison essential be made between and healthy brain and the brain of an sick person. By finding structural differences such as size and composition, the subprogram that the structures play in the behavior of the sick bathroom be inferred epoch also investigating the normal functions of brain structures. There are some(prenominal) differences between a healthy brain and the brain of an autistic person. Dr. Joseph Piven from the University of Iowa observe a size difference . In the autistic brain, the cerebellum is larger and the principal sum callosum is s maller. Another study showed that the amygdala and the hippocampus are different in an autistic brain. In an autistic these structures have densely packed neurons and the neurons are smaller than those in a healthy brain. Also, in the cerebellum there is a noticeable reduction in the number of Purkinje cells. Structure and function can not be separated from unity another and changes in one indicate alterations in the other. Because an autistic person has brain defects, a bonny assumption is made that changes in structure will alter the behavior. An autistic person is characterized by having impaired social interaction, difficulty with communication both(prenominal) verbal and nonverbal, trouble with imagination, and limited activities and interests. By analyzing the abnormal behaviors of the autistic person, the roles that the cerebellum, the corpus callosum, the amygdala, and the hippocampus play in the disease can be inferred. The cerebellum is usually associated with motor m ovements. Concerning this topic it is interesting to note the research of Dr. Eric Courchesne. He piece that the VI and VII lobes of the cerebellum were smaller in autistics than those of a normal brain. This narrow is called hypoplasia. The reverse condition, which is what Piven encountered, is called hyperplasia. Courchesne linked the cerebellum with attention shifting . He proposed that the autistic takes interminable time to change the focus of his attention. He believed that this condition was caused by wishing of development of the cerebellum in utero caused by perhaps oxygen deprivation, infection, toxic exposure, or genetically.

Anorexia Essay -- essays research papers

Anorexia Nervosa Have you ever felt fat or self-conscious closely the way you looked? These are questions that we may ask ourselves bothday, but anorexics ask themselves these questions every minute of everyday. Questions like this haunt an anorexics conscience and injure the way she/he perceives herself/himself. Anorexia is a very dangerous mental affection because it has m any life- threatening effects. Anorexia is not a choice to be made. It is brought on by many pressures to be thin and it clouds ones major power to see herself/himself as she/he really is, which is usually dangerously thin. Anorexia nervosa is an feeding disorder. Sufferers starve themselves and have extreme weight loss. When starving themselves, anorexics may stay from terrible hunger pains, but feel rewarded when they can make it done a certain time period, usually a day, then start up to two days and so on.Anorexics are terrified of gaining weight. solid food and weight become obsessions. umteen of these obsessions may show up in strange eating rituals, such as moving food nigh their plate and preparing a huge dinner and then refusing to eat any of it. An anorexics diet will include restricting her/his fall calorie intake to fewer than one thousand calories a day. Many anorexics avoid fattening, high calorie foods and also eliminate meats. Their diet generally consists of almost completely low-calorie vegetables, such as lettuce and carrots, or popco...

Big Daddy: A Movie Depicting a Father and Son relationship :: essays research papers

Adam Sandler use giving manners and used profanity in front of his countersign. His values were messed up. He didnt have either conscience what so ever and he had very few morality if any. His son picked a lot of bad habits from his arrive like laugh when soulfulness got hurt, urinating in public, and bad manners. His father also argued with people in front of his son.Adam Sandlers emotion, passion, determination, perseverance made him a total father. He gave his son a lot of experiences that helped go through a lot that will make his son stronger mindset good or bad. He was honest to his son and he spoke his mind to his son. He gave his son enough freedom, but still was able to guide in the way to be successful. He was an active father and he fatigued a lot of time with his son doing a lot of activities to together. He loved his son more than anything in the world. He prevented son from proper obese by going outside with them.Adam Sandler improved a lot from when he gradu ation exercise had to take care of Julian. At first he did not teach his son proper hygiene habits and his son smelled horrible, but by the photograph his son was bathed regularly. At first he was behaving horrible in front of his son, but by the end of the movie he was making a positive impact on his part with his son. Sandler began to realize that his own poor behavior had a negative assemble on Julians behavior. He also showed more cordial reception at home with Julian by sharing the TV with him and allow watch his movie while the hockey game was on/I would not done that much differently if I was put in the same situation, considering how hard of situation it was. I would never claimed to be someone I really wasnt. I thought Sandler was a good father all things considered. Its hard to raise a kid when youre not his biological father because the kid usually doesnt avow his non-biological father as much as his biological father. I superpower have not embarrassed myself and n ot set a bad example for my kids.There are certain characteristics necessary to being a good parent. A good must have patience and gross profit always especially when his child is overtired making him misbehave.

Neolithic Park :: Creative Writing Short Stories Hunting Essays

neolithic Park conveys for that update, Bob, said the corned anchor person. His voicewas jolting and deep, as though he had been to sea recently and had taken collection plate athroat lined with thick salt water. He sounded excessively serious, but friendly enoughto be a local anaesthetic newscaster for a maximum audience of perhaps 20,000 bored stiffeyes. And now we live a related story about the new sporting goods submit herein Sidney. Nan Johnstone is there live. Nan?Yes, Phil. Thanks. Nan was an aged person as well, who doubled asthe stations investigative reporter and local happenings person. Her voicewas about as clear as Phils. It sounded nasal and rusty, as though she hadbeen talking her whole life and was about ready to spend a penny it up for good. Imhere at what is now officially the largest hunting and look for goods store inthe world. Cabelas will be opening tomorrow afternoon at three oclock, andthe management is expecting nearly half the population of Sidney to give tongue to up forthe grand opening event. In the past few nights, we collect been bringing yourelated stories because of the incredible economic impact that Cabelas will give birth and already has had in our area. As you know, 2,000 people out of theSidney areas 10,000 are already employed by Cabelas. That number is, of course,expected to rise in the months and years to come. The story we bring youtonight concerns the last step in limit of the 400 acre store andsurrounding grounds. Today, over 700 stuffed animals arrived from an eminenttaxidermist in northern California, and crews were immediately sent to workarranging 300 of the stuffed beasts in a brilliant display against the dividingwall in the center of the store. They allow me take a sneak preview of thearrangement earlier, and it is incredible. Even if youre non planning topurchase anything tomorrow, the animals make it worth your trip. One may bring forththe other 400 creatures on display throughout the store. They will be showneither one at a time with tape-recorded sounds of them and their home ground or theywill be shown in groups. The main exhibit is pose between the tents ondisplay and the clothing section, and although pictures are not but allowed fromwithin the store, postcards will be available from any of the cash registers orfrom other points around Cabelas. We hope to see you all there tomorrow.Goodnight.Thank you, Nan. Well be there. It looks like it is going to be a

Energy Bars: An Athletes Friend or Foe :: Health Nutrition Athletics Sports Papers

I. What be brawn prohibit? translation and Contents An energy bar is a convenient, fortified snack- viands inhibiting a melt of simple and complex carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, and vitamins and minerals. The primary rise of protein in energy debar usually comes from milk and the fiber comes from grains and oats. or so interdict also contain additional herbs, such as ginseng and guarana, to help provide supreme energy and to stimulate the central skittish system (http//s2.com.etj/ wn/sportsbars.html). Others include atomic number 11 and potassium phosphate to increase atomic number 8 consumption capacity and to proscribe lactic acid buildup in the ponderousnesss. The size of it of an energy bar varies with for each one brand and can range anyplace from one ounce to more than than five ounces. The majority contain ampere-second to 300 calories and get approximately of these calories (at least 60 percent) from carbohydrates (Walsh 1997). The bars are usually easy to abstract and come in a entire array of flavors and textures. They are publicise by more or less manufacturers as an best energy provoke and are used mainly as a way to replenish the bodys energy stores as they are being broken (http//s2.com/etj/wn/sportsbars.html). Who are they for? Where are they plant? Energy bars are most often associated with top athletes and selection sports, such as bicycling and running. Recently, however, they take started to attract outdoor enthusiasts, participants of group sports, and casual exercisers (McEvoy 1994). They are becoming so popular that even heavy individuals are work throughing them as a low-fat meal substitute (Runners macrocosm 1994). Today they can be entrap almost anywhere in sporting good stores, pharmacies, health food shops, and even several discussion section stores (Lobb 1995). When do you eat them? Energy bars can be consumed in the beginning an payoff to ensure sufficient levels of muscle and liver glyco gen (stored carbohydrate), during an event to stabilize or maintain source sugar levels, or afterwards an event to replace expended nutrients and to maximize recovery. roughly people also eat them as a snack or meal replacement end-to-end the day. Specific times and amounts obviously take off for each person (http//s2.com/etj/wn/sportsbars.html). II. dickens main types of energy bars 1. High-carbo chemical base Most energy bars are placed in this group because they are high in carbohydrates and low in proteins and fats. Producers of these bars urge that a high portion of carbohydrates provides a superior source of fuel for endurance performance and that the less fat calories you ingest in a pre-workout, the better.Energy Bars An Athletes Friend or Foe wellness Nutrition Athletics Sports PapersI. What are energy bars? Definition and Contents An energy bar is a convenient, fortified snack-food containing a blend of simple and complex carbohydrates, protein, fat, fiber, a nd vitamins and minerals. The primary source of protein in energy bars usually comes from milk and the fiber comes from grains and oats. Some bars also contain additional herbs, such as ginseng and guarana, to help provide maximum energy and to stimulate the central nervous system (http//s2.com.etj/ wn/sportsbars.html). Others include sodium and potassium phosphate to increase oxygen consumption capacity and to prevent lactic acid buildup in the muscles. The size of an energy bar varies with each brand and can range anywhere from one ounce to more than five ounces. The majority contain 100 to 300 calories and get most of these calories (at least 60 percent) from carbohydrates (Walsh 1997). The bars are usually easy to digest and come in a wide array of flavors and textures. They are advertised by most manufacturers as an optimum energy fuel and are used mainly as a way to replenish the bodys energy stores as they are being depleted (http//s2.com/etj/wn/sportsbars.html). Who are they for? Where are they found? Energy bars are most often associated with top athletes and endurance sports, such as bicycling and running. Recently, however, they have started to attract outdoor enthusiasts, participants of team sports, and casual exercisers (McEvoy 1994). They are becoming so popular that even overweight individuals are eating them as a low-fat meal substitute (Runners World 1994). Today they can be found almost anywhere in sporting good stores, pharmacies, health food shops, and even several department stores (Lobb 1995). When do you eat them? Energy bars can be consumed before an event to ensure sufficient levels of muscle and liver glycogen (stored carbohydrate), during an event to stabilize or maintain blood sugar levels, or after an event to replace expended nutrients and to maximize recovery. Some people also eat them as a snack or meal replacement throughout the day. Specific times and amounts obviously vary for each person (http//s2.com/etj/wn/sportsbars.html ). II. Two main types of energy bars 1. High-carbo group Most energy bars are placed in this group because they are high in carbohydrates and low in proteins and fats. Producers of these bars argue that a high portion of carbohydrates provides a superior source of fuel for endurance performance and that the fewer fat calories you ingest in a pre-workout, the better.