Human Genome Essay

compassionate re-create involves the creation of a copy of a human cell or t essence that is genetically identical. The major types of human cloning include reproductive cloning and curative cloning (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2009). Therapeutic cloning involves the use of cells from an with child(p) to be used in medicine while reproductive cloning involves making cloned human beings. Cloning has been through on both sentient beings and plants. When done on plants it has been used to raise genetically circumscribed crops.Gene therapy substructure occur in two forms somatic gene therapy and germline gene therapy. physical gene therapy involves removing cells from the patient and adding cloned genes to cells using a viral sender. The cells be amplified and those that chip in taken up the cloned gene be taken up. The change cells are then taken back into the patient (see figure 1). close to of the problems associated with this unconscious process include t ransgene integration and immune response killing the viral vector which may be marked as an intruder by the ashess immune sy kibosh.The procedure has been used in many clinical trials, mainly for treating cancer. The Adeno associated virus is commonly used in this case as it does not cause an immune response, it has the ability to enter non-dividing cells and it integrates into a item location in the genome of its host (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2009). Germline gene therapy is antithetic from somatic therapy in that the newly introduced gene is incorporated into all of the cells in the animals body. This includes the germline that gives rise to gametes.The change that has occurred in the process is passed on to the next generation. To produce a transgenic animal, the embryo stem cells could be modified which is done by isolating stem cells and culturing them, adding DNA to cultured cells and selecting the transformed cells (National Human Genome Research Institut e, 2009). Once selected, the transformed cells are injected into an early embryo and the embryo is implanted into the female. This produces mosaics in which some cells have different genotypes.Heterozygotes are copulate to produce homozygous individuals which are in turn mated to produce a transgenic strain (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2009). A transgenic animal could also be produced by direct DNA injection where the transgene is injected outright into the male pronucleus before the male and female have fused (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2009). The injected DNA integrates into a chromosome and the injected zygote is then implanted into a foster mother (see figure 2). In the figure the baby reversal has the transgene in every cell in its body.Its expression depends on where the chromosome is integrated. Nowadays, and it is possible to have targeted gene insertion in some cases. Some of the medical applications of transgenic animals and plants include the production of model systems for the study of human unhealthiness for example where a certain gene product is lacking or where a certain gene has been over expressed or where there is a gene variant. An example of this the use of transplanted human stem cells by NIH scientists to improve the repair of bone injuries in rats (Guldberg, 2010).Standardization of such a treatment it offers a possible alternative to bone grafting operations. virtuoso of the successes of stem cell transplants has been seen in the successful attempts of new hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in reversing sickle cell anemia in children (Rodgers et al, 2009). some other applications include the production of medically important proteins, the production of vaccines and production of tissues and organs for transplantation. Transgenic plants are also used to improve crops. In spite of these advantages, the issue of cloning still remains controversial.